Indentation tests investigation of mechanical behavior of two-dimensional materials

准确了解二维材料的力学性能对于推动其应用具有重要意义, 无基底压痕技术是目前最广泛采用的二维材料力学性能测试方法之一, 本文综述了二维材料压痕研究的最新进展以及所面临的问题, 并对将来的研究工作进行了展望.无基底压痕技术是将二维材料转移到带有沟槽或柱形孔的基底上, 制备二维材料"梁"和"鼓"模型, 然后利用原子力显微镜测量其在压针作用下的载荷--位移关系, 最后通过基于连续介质薄膜导出的压痕响应分析模型拟合实验结果, 估算出二维材料的弹性模量和本征强度.由于二维材料的厚度远小于连续介质薄膜, 来自于压头以及基底孔侧壁的范德华力对二维材料的压痕响应具有显著影响, 造成二维材料与传统压痕分析模型中的基本假设不符, 导致不能准确预测二维材料的弹性模量; 另外, 由于传统压痕模型无法准确描述二维材料在大变形下的非线性行为, 以及由缺陷等引起的应力集中, 导致由压痕测试表征的二维材料(特别是多晶二维材料)本征强度具有较大的偏差. 因此, 一方面需要正确了解由压痕技术获得的二维材料力学性能, 另一方面还需对目前的研究方法做进一步的改进和完善.     

松弛与蠕变力学特性转换关系的研究

本文首先论述了拉伸应力松弛模量Ｅ（ｔ）与拉伸蠕变柔量Ｄ（ｔ）之间的近似与精确转换关系式，提出一种诊断Ｄ（ｔ）的数值积分算法，通过应力松弛模量实验给出一种固体推进剂Ｅ（ｔ）和Ｄ（ｔ）的实测与转换计算结果，计算结果有较小的误差具有重要的实用价值。     

Viskositätsmessung mit dem longitudinal schwingenden Band

A method for the detection of small masses with the aid of a longitudinally vibrating band is described and further applications, e.g. for viscosity and humidity measurement are discussed. The complex Young's modulus of the band can also be determined.

     

Relations Between Relaxation Modulus and Creep Compliance in Anisotropic Linear Viscoelasticity

The results obtained previously for scalar and class P completely monotone relaxation moduli are extended to arbitrary anisotropy. It is shown for general anisotropic viscoelastic media that, if the relaxation modulus is a locally integrable completely monotone function, then the creep compliance is a Bernstein function and conversely. The elastic and equilibrium limits of the two material functions are related to each other. The relaxation modulus or its derivative can be singular at 0. A rigorous general formulation of the relaxation spectrum in an anisotropic viscoelastic medium is given. The effect of Newtonian viscosity on creep compliance is examined. Put some makeup on him and lay him to rest. Anonymous     

On physical criteria for the selection of wood for soundboards of musical instruments

In order to develop criteria for the physical evaluation of wood for soundboards of musical instruments, measurements were made of dynamic Young's modulusE, static Young's modulusE, internal frictionQ ^–1 in longitudinal direction, and specific gravity for numerous species of broad-leaved wood. From the results obtained, including those of our previous paper on coniferous wood [1], it was found that the suitability of wood for soundboards could be evaluated by the quantity ofQ ^–1/(E/), and that there were very high correlations betweenQ ^–1/(E/) andE/, and betweenE andE, regardless of wood species. Consequently, it becomes possible to select practically any wood suitable for soundboards by using the value ofE/, which can be measured easily, and it was derived that the relation betweenE/ andQ ^–1 of wood could be expressed by an exponential equation regardless of wood species.     

大理岩动态拉伸强度及弹性模量的SHPB实验研究

提出了获取脆性材料动态拉伸强度及弹性模量的实验步骤及相关记录数据的分析方法。利用直径为100mm的分离式Hopkinson压杆径向冲击巴西圆盘和平台巴西圆盘试样,测试了大理岩在高应变率加载下的动态力学性能。应力波加载下动态劈裂拉伸圆盘在试样中心产生了约45/s的拉伸应变率。分析了实验的有效性并考虑了试样两个端面应力波波形差异的影响以提高实验结果的精度。结果表明准静态下的公式可适用于动态劈裂拉伸实验;大理岩的动态拉伸强度及弹性模量比静态时有明显的增加。     

弹塑性有限变形的拟流动理论

本文提出一种弹塑性有限变形的拟流动理论。该理论从正交性法则出发，通过引入“拟弹性模量”和模量衰减函数并改进应变率的弹塑性分解，实现了由有限变形Ｐｒａｎｄｔｌ－Ｒｅｕｓｓ流动理论（Ｊ２Ｆ）向基于非正交法则的率形式形变理论（Ｊ２Ｄ）的合理的光滑过渡；并适用于初始及后继各向异性变形分析。在特殊条件下，可退化为Ｊ２Ｆ、Ｊ２Ｄ理论以及由任意各向异性屈服函数描述的流动理论。将该理论用于韧性金属平面应力／应变拉伸失稳与变形局部化的有限元模拟，并与理论分析及实验结果相比较，表明了本文理论的正确性。     

Non-Markovian diffusion process in polymers and stretched exponential relaxation

In this contribution, we model the long-time behaviour of the desorption from an LDPE sheet, using non-Markovian random walks. It is shown that the mass of penetrant in the final stage of desorption decays as t ^–m , where m is proportional to the exponent of the probability distribution (t) t ^–(1+u), 0 < v < 1. Furthermore, it is shown that this model may lead to the so-called mechanical stretched exponential relaxation, and that Wagner's memory function can be obtained as a special case.Presented at the second conference Recent Developments in Structured Continua, May 23–25, 1990, in Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada     

Determination of Bone Trabeculae Modulus—An Ultrasonic Scanning and MicroCT (μCT) Imaging Combination Approach

To date, there is no method to measure non-destructively the modulus of trabeculae within cancellous bone, whilst retaining its structural integrity. In this study ultrasonic scanning, coupled with microCT imaging, is employed to determine trabeculae modulus along the three major anatomical axes non-destructively. The proposed method allows cancellous bone specimens to remain intact, for possible use in subsequent studies. Volume rendering of the microCT images allows three-dimensional visualization of cancellous bone specimens to be tested. This facilitates trabeculae selection and accurate measurement of distance traveled by the ultrasonic wave, thus yielding a good degree of confidence in the acoustic velocity measured. For all the three principal anatomical directions, the measured acoustic speeds ranged from 2,115 to 3,077 m/s, giving an average of 2,505 m/s. Average wave velocities in the superior–inferior, medial–lateral and anterior–posterior anatomical directions were found to be 2,295, 2,469 and 2,754 m/s, respectively; the differences corresponding to the three directions do not appear to be significant. Subsequently, the modulus was then determined using elastic wave propagation theory.     

孪晶对多晶纯钛塑性变形影响的实验研究

本文介绍了不同温度下多晶纯钛试件的单调拉伸、压缩试验和不同应变的压缩加卸载试验及其结果,同时介绍了拉断试样以及不同压缩应变下卸载试样的金相观察结果。通过直接比较不同温度下多晶纯钛的单调拉伸、压缩试验结果以及相应的金相分析,得到了由孪晶单独引起的流动应力的增加与应变之间的定量关系。本文还根据Hall-Petch关系和孪晶体积分数的演化方程,建立了孪晶引起的流动应力的增加与应变之间的唯象解析关系。试验结果表明此唯象关系较好地描述了孪晶对多晶纯钛塑性变形的影响。